GovWire

In field agroforestry

Trees are planted in the field to benefit crops and livestock.

The main types of in-field agroforestry are:

• silvoarable agroforestry: trees are planted at wide spacings and are intercropped with arable crops
• silvopastoralagroforestry: trees are combined with forage grassland and livestock production
• wood pasture and traditional orchards: priority habitats managed in a low-intensity way for biodiversity

Planting arrangements

There is a variety of planting arrangements that can be used for in-field agroforestry, you should decide what works best for your circumstances. For example, silvoarable tree planting arrangements will traditionally use widely spaced rows of trees, but you could use this design in a silvopastoral setting, especially when managing grass for grazing and silage cutting. Common formations include:

• grids and row formations: trees are arranged formally in grids or rows on arable and grazing land, allowing farmers to maximise traditional farming activity and allow space for machinery. It can also prevent wind affected soil erosion

• irregular formation: more irregular, or random, tree arrangements are used in grazing systems, especially in upland landscapes and where visual impact might be a consideration

Management

Pruning and high pruning regularly helps counteract the effects of branch growth. Managing the tree canopy will reduce the competition for light with crops and, grass, and allow easy machinery access.

By removing lower branches, timber quality will be improved by providing a clean, knot-free length of timber.

Around field agroforestry

Trees and woodland provide features around fields to assist with farming practice.

Hedgerow trees

Adding more trees to hedgerows increases tree canopy cover across the farm.

Regular pruning allows more daylight to reach the grass sward or crops. We recommend tree pruning from an early age to avoid negative impacts on farming and machinery access, and increase the potential for better timber.

Windbreaks and wider hedges

Trees planted in a linear format, on the edge of a field to reduce wind speed, protect crops and livestock and reduce erosion. Usually, 5 to 10 metre-wide hedges or windbreaks with a core of larger trees, flanked by smaller shrubs. They can have edible plant species for livestock to graze on at the edges, giving them access to additional minerals and nutrients.

Wide hedges, or windbreaks provide practical biosecurity solutions including:

• reducing nose to nose contact for livestock
• useful on farm boundaries

Shelterbelts

Similar to windbreaks, shelterbelts are planted in a linear formation on the windward edge of a field to reduce wind speed, but are generally planted in a more extensive manner or in a connected network.

These networks can provide greater shelter across the land and provide effective wildlife corridors for biodiversity.

Riparian buffer

Trees that are planted between agricultural land and watercourses such as streams, rivers and lakes to act as buffers to protect water quality.

Open grown trees (around and in field)

More open tree planting at very low densities, formally or informally arranged. These might be for shade and shelter for livestock, or as boundary or feature markers.